Subjacency wh movement pdf

Pdf evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing. Considering that whmovement can occur overtly and covertly, this paper investigates the whisland effects in korean, especially in scrambling structures. Subjacency forever norvin richards, mit baker 1970 notes that. Thereby, it respects the subjacency condition and the sentence is grammatical. Lx 454754 acquisition of syntax whmovement, cph l2a. In the second movement, vp is not a barrier for tl since the lower segment of vp does not dominate tl. The moved wh phrase ends up occupying the spec,cp of the c 0 that triggers the movement. Subjacency with bounding nodes that hold in all languages. Just like np movement, wh movement must be successive cyclic.

Given that the principal bounding nodes, or barriers, for subjacency are noun phrase np, s, and sbar, with s optionally a barrier, np and sbar obligatorily barriers, differences between greek and english wh movement are discussed. It is a standard assumption of governmentbinding theory that the relationship between a constituent displaced by the transformational rule schema move. It moves through all intervening spec,cp positions. Introduction japanese is one of the languages where socalled whphrases, such as what nani, who dare etc. Whmovement, islands, incorporation and covert movement 2. The idea that there is a single wh movement rule responsible for all ldds comes from chomsky 1977. It is well known that whwords in chinese and japanese stay in situ, whereas whwords in english must move to the initial position. One is wh movement, which ive argued involves putting a dp in two positions, as reminds. Whsubjects in english and the vacuous movement hypothesis. May 15, 2017 we discuss wh words, wh questions, and wh movement, as well as the property of cyclic movement. Hence, the movement of who l satisfies the subjacency condition, yielding the grammatical 6a. Island constraints alan munn december 3, 2007 these notes cover the basic motivation for wh movement, and some of the constraints on it. We thus have a nother context with respect t o which lf whmovement i s more local than overt whmovement. The acquisition of the mechanism of unselective binding, lf whmovement and constraints on movement yoshie kabuto nanzan university 1.

More whmovement, subjacency, and relative clauses cas lx 522 syntax i three kinds of movement amovement. Subjacency in fact, it looks as though whmovement cannot cross more than one cp at a time, nor can it cross a dp and a cp at a time. To clarify whether whisland effect does exist in korean, i. I will refer to this as the subjacency tax approach. Since most interrogative pronouns in english the exception is how start with wh, the process by which interrogative phrases are fronted is referred to as wh movement. Subjacency forever argues that both overt and covert movement are constrained by subjacency, and that rudins 1988 division of multiple overt whmovement languages e.

Subjacency is a general syntactic locality constraint on movement. A single whword which has been forced to move to spec cp, then, blocks further whmovement past that specifier position. Some of these problems are addressed by constraints on movement. Whmovement in 11ab crosses two bounding nodes tp3 and tp4, in violation of the. Since subjacency was supposed to account for island constraints, it was observed. In these constructions a wh phrase moves to the specifier of a cp that is lower than the cp over which the wh phrase takes scope. In this section, i first discuss the controversies in chinese theoretical linguistics regarding the status of whmovement in chinese. In this study i aim to explore the syntactic behavior of subject wh movement in najrani arabic and it attempts to provide a unified account of the following questions. The acquisition and processing of wh movement by najdi learners of english by saad nasser aldwayan submitted to the department of linguistics and the graduate faculty of the university of kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. Subjacency the principle of subjacency is a constraint on movement. This chapter is concerned with relative clauses and whmovement structures across languages, which is examined from the perspective of minimize domains, minimize forms, and maximize online processing.

The syntactic literature discusses a number of phenomena in which a constraint that rules out a certain class of syntactic dependencies fails to rule out structures containing both an illformed dependency and a wellformed dependency. The structure indicated in 8 shows that a whphrase must adjoin to vp to satisfy the. Domains out of which extraction is forbidden are called islands. I conclude, then, that there is no direct evidence that english equatives involve wh movement. There is considerable evidence that a whsubject does not move locally to spec, cp in english. Islands unlike a movement which cannot cross a finite sentence boundary, wh movement can do so. Relative clause and whmovement universals oxford scholarship. After having received case, the wh phrase a 0moves. Subjacency according to chomsky, in movement enabled languages, the whphrase can leave a trace in its base position and can move to the. Notice also that adjuncts can be extracted longdistance out of declarative complements in swedish. The experimental results show that the chinese subjects have demonstrated a certain degree of acceptance of the longdistance whmovement and of rejection of subjacency violations. Subjacency principle, puts constraints on english whmovement and this is the major study point of the present study. Whmovement is constrained by subjacency, and refers to the movement of whforms to the beginning of a sentence or even a clause resulting in the formation. This had the major new consequence that apparent unbounded movement was actually constituted of a series of short movements.

Notice also that it is never flanked by any pied piped material. The moved whphrase ends up occupying the spec,cp of the c. Subjacency, such as the wh island constraint and the complex np constraint. As we will see, the reduction of the constraints on wh movement to more general principles has proven a considerable challenge to syntactic theory, and one that. Chomsky 1973 made such an attempt by proposing a condition on movement called subjacency. Brief overview of subjacencyislands ling 610 fall 2010. Since possessors in english seem to occupy the same syntactic position as wh determiners, it is. If a movement violates subjacency, then there is no antecedentgovernment between the two links of the chain that violate subjacency. I guess i should have been more specific, in sugisaki 2012 there was a lf specific constraint on whmovement. The author selects a certain number of chinese university students as participants and carries out a grammaticality judgment test. Since pied piping of prepositions is optional in english and pied piping of following material obligatory, this suggests strongly that what has not been fronted by wh movement. If wh movement were able to occur in one fell swoop, then there would be nothing to stop longdistance wh movement in 7a, and the question should be grammatical, contrary to fact.

Among the most important results of this enterprise is a set of locality conditions, including most notably rosss island constraints and chomskys subjacency condition. As we have seen above, moving a wh element to the front is grammatical across one phrase, but not across two. I am familiar with subjacency, ecp, and the island constraints. But can we reduce them to fewer, deeper structural principles. The acquisition and processing of whmovement by najdi learners of english by saad nasser aldwayan submitted to the department of linguistics and the graduate faculty of the university of kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for. Just like npmovement, whmovement must be successive cyclic. Pdf on jan 1, 2010, alison gabriele and others published evidence of syntactic constraints in the processing of whmovement. In this squib i consider the vacuous movement hypothesis henceforth vmh, the notion that in english local overt whmovement takes place except for subjects george 1980, chomsky 1986. Introduction in this paper, based on an experimental study, we discuss the acquisition of lf whmovement and the constraints on the movement. They verified that subjacency violations were by asking for answersso we could tell where whwords moved from. In a multiple question, it can be argued that the wh phrases that do not move overtly do move covertly an idea that i did not stress and perhaps failed to mention in class. Subjacency the handout incorporates a lot of material included in david pesetskys previous handouts on the topic.

Study on chinese english learners acquisition of wh. Although movement is clearly restricted, it is often hard to pinpoint on a specific node that prevents movement. Whmovement and unbounded deletion in polish equatives. Movement to specip subjects, passive objects, subject raising. The paper undertakes a thorough investigation of whmovement in the language, specifically in light of covert vs. But the ungrammaticality of the question can be made to follow from the assumption that wh movement is cyclic.

There does not seem to be a rightward movement extraposition rule, with its own properties, that is constrained by the distinct axiom of generalized subjacency in the way that whmovement is, for example. However, the notion that overt wh movement in english involves feature licensingclausal typing with c rizzi 1996, cheng 1991 implies that even in the case of wh subjects, movement to the domain of c must still occur. Movement to speccp and other things well talk about later. If we assume that apparent long distance movement, as in 2, is actually the result of a sequence of short movements, then the spec of. We argue that the apparent optionality seen in malay reduces to whether, in the lexicon, a question word consists of an operator and variable combined in a single word, or of a variable bound by a separate, phonologically null operator.

Rizzi 1982, violations of the wh island constraint and the subjacency condition. This means that before wh movement takes placein a multiple question, there is more than. Wh subjects in english and the vacuous movement hypothesis. In this study i aim to explore the syntactic behavior of subject whmovement in najrani arabic and it attempts to provide a unified account of the following questions. In partial wh movement, the scope position contains a scopemarker, and in multiple wh movement, the scope position contains another wh phrase. A study of najdi arabic learners of english find, read and cite all. We discuss whwords, whquestions, and whmovement, as well as the property of cyclic movement. Interestingly, subjacency did very little work in chomsky 1973. Pdf subject whmovement in najrani arabic and minimalism.

Subjacency forever argues that both overt and covert movement are constrained by subjacency, and that rudins 1988 division of multiple overt wh movement languages e. In 1 the whelement moves out of the object position of the embedded clause via cyclic. Subjacency violation was first reported for english as a type of locality restriction imposed on movement chomsky 1973. This paper deals with two types of wh constructions that occur in german and romani. The intervention effect brings about an exciting perspective to reinvestigate into the issues of covert movement. Subjacency, which was formulated by chomsky in the late 1970s, refers to the syntactic constraints that block the movement of a unit if that unit crosses more than one bounding node. Korean whisland effects in scrambling constructions. In figure 1, these bounding nodes are the s and nps which are circled. A wh phrase that does not undergo wh movement1 is said to remain in situ, and is sometimes referred to as wh insitu. Wh movement can also be triggered by wh determiners. The principle of minimal compliance linguistic inquiry. A crosslinguistic analysis 189 190 syed shahrier rahman the dhaka university journal of linguistics vol. Since no intermediate spec position is available as a landing site, the embedded wh must move to matrix spec for interpretation. Study on chinese english learners acquisition of whmovement.

Bangla has commonly been assumed to be an sov wh insitu language. It may not take place over more than one 26 may not take place over more than one bounding nodebounding node at a time. But the ungrammaticality of the question can be made to follow from the assumption that wh movement is. Pdf obligatory overt wh movement in a wh insitu language. Government and binding theorysubjacency wikibooks, open. In a multiple question in english, one wh phrase undergoes wh movement. I guess i should have been more specific, in sugisaki 2012 there was a lf specific constraint on wh movement. Subjacency versus grammatical extraction in chinese.

Just as wonder requires whmovement in its cp complement, so a verb like believe forbids it. The discussion of the study is focused on the participants responses to varying degrees of subjacency violations. Constraints on extraction out of particular domains are called island conditions. Since there does not involve whmovement in chinese language, and chinese students. As we have seen above, moving a whelement to the front is grammatical across one phrase, but not across two. The subjacency principle, in effect, places certain restrictions on the ordering of words in complex questions. The details of this movement are presented in the diagram below. This is confirmed b y the c ontrast i n 8, also no ted in boskovi 1996c.

Islands unlike a movement which cannot cross a finite sentence boundary, whmovement can do so. We know that a verb like prepare must take a dp direct object and it can only be inserted in a phrase structure tree under a v node which has. However, the notion that overt whmovement in english involves feature licensingclausal typing with c rizzi 1996. In part, this was a response to criticism of subjacency. Wh movement in hindiurdu this paper investigates the nature of whmovement in wh insitu languages, with languages like hindiurdru as the primary empirical domain of the inquiry. With a focus on subjacency chomsky, 1973, a principle of ug that places constraints on whmovement and that has frequently been taken as a test case for verifying second language l2 access to ug, we reanalyze earlier l2 findings in terms of a revised constraint, which effectively prohibits extraction out of subjects and adjuncts. Subjacency island constraints are empirically very interesting syntactic phenomena. For instance, it was reported that the whphrase basegenerated as the object of a subordinate whclause as in 6 below is not permitted to overtly move out of this clause as a whisland and make up a direct wh. The movement of whitems what in figure 1 is limited as far as the number of socalled bounding nodes that it may cross during its upward movement.

Ecp 73 japanese is also a kind of quantificational sentence, and if movement to an operator position is one way of specifying scope of a quantificational expression available in the type of linguistic theory that we assume here, this may not be a very controversial idea. The main conclusionthat the lf of whconstructions differs minimally from surface structure and only as the result of strictly local movement to assign scopechallenges the view of a subjacencyfree lf and argues for an architecture of grammar in which the same principles hold across levels of representation. Subjacency and sstructure movement of subjacency and sstructure movement of wh insitu this paper argues that wh insitu in japanese in fact involves sstructure movement of an invisible entity and therefore that the subjacency effects discovered and used as evidence for lf subjacency by nishigauchi 1986, 1990 and pesetsky 1987. Here it is suggested that both of these characterizations are incorrect and that bangla actually has obligatory overt wh movement.